Concept	Role

PI3K	Generates phosphoinositide signaling molecules

PIP2	Membrane phosphoinositide substrate

PIP3	Signaling lipid involved in AKT recruitment

AKT	Major serine/threonine kinase effector

PTEN	Negative regulator of PIP3 signaling

mTOR	Regulates growth and biosynthetic activity

FOXO	Transcriptional regulators influenced by AKT

Insulin signaling

Major physiological context for PI3K–AKT

Cell survival

Major biological output

Cell metabolism

Major downstream function